Dementia is an umbrella term used to describe various cognitive disorders that impair memory, thinking, and behaviour. It can have a profound impact on an individual’s daily life, relationships, and overall well-being. As dementia becomes increasingly prevalent in our ageing population, understanding the age at which this condition starts is essential for early intervention and better care.
The different types of dementia
Before we delve into the age at which dementia starts, it is crucial to understand the different types of dementia. The most common forms include:
- Alzheimer’s disease. This is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 60%–80% of cases. It is characterised by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain, leading to nerve cell damage and brain shrinkage.
- Vascular dementia. This type of dementia results from reduced blood flow to the brain due to a stroke or other vascular issues. It accounts for approximately 10% of dementia cases.
- Lewy body dementia. This form of dementia is associated with the presence of abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies in the brain. It accounts for 5%–10% of cases and often presents with symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease.
- Frontotemporal dementia: This rare form of dementia affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain and is responsible for about 2-5% of cases.
When does dementia typically start?
The age at which dementia starts can vary significantly depending on the type of dementia, individual factors, and genetics. But research shows that the risk of developing dementia increases with age. The majority of dementia cases occur in individuals aged 65 and older. Although dementia is not a normal part of ageing, the risk of developing it doubles every five years after the age of 65.
It’s important to note that early-onset dementia can also occur in people under the age of 65, but this accounts for only about 5-10% of all dementia cases. Early-onset dementia is often linked to specific genetic mutations and can manifest as early as a person’s 30s or 40s.
Risk factors associated with dementia
Several risk factors are associated with the development of dementia. These factors can be categorized as non-modifiable and modifiable.
Non-modifiable risk factors include:
- Age. As mentioned earlier, the risk of developing dementia increases with age.
- Genetics. A family history of dementia or specific genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing the condition.
- Gender. Women are at a slightly higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease compared to men, while men are more likely to develop vascular dementia.
Modifiable risk factors include:
- Cardiovascular health. Conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity can increase the risk of dementia.
- Physical activity. A sedentary lifestyle can contribute to cognitive decline.
- Smoking. Smokers have a higher risk of developing dementia than non-smokers.
- Alcohol consumption. Excessive alcohol intake can increase the risk of dementia.
- Diet. An unhealthy diet can contribute to cognitive decline and increase the risk of dementia.
Preventive measures to maintain cognitive health
While there is no surefire way to prevent dementia, certain lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of developing the condition and maintain cognitive health. These include:
- Regular physical activity. Engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week can improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of dementia.
- Mental stimulation. Activities that challenge the brain, such as puzzles, reading, learning new skills, or engaging in creative pursuits, can help maintain cognitive health.
- Healthy diet. Consuming a well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can promote brain health. The Mediterranean and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diets have been shown to be particularly beneficial for cognitive health.
- Social engagement. Maintaining strong social connections and participating in group activities can support brain health and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
- Stress management. Chronic stress can have negative effects on the brain. Practising relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, meditation, or mindfulness, can help manage stress and promote cognitive well-being.
- Quality sleep. Ensuring that you get sufficient, quality sleep is crucial for maintaining brain health. Aim for 7–9 hours of sleep per night and establish a consistent sleep schedule.
- Regular check-ups. Regular medical check-ups can help detect and manage conditions that can increase the risk of dementia, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes.
Takeaway
While the risk of developing dementia increases with age, it is important to note that dementia is not an inevitable part of ageing. A combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors can contribute to the onset of this cognitive disorder. By understanding the risk factors and adopting a healthy lifestyle, you can help maintain your cognitive health and potentially delay or reduce the risk of developing dementia.
As research continues to uncover more information about dementia, early detection and intervention remain crucial. If you or a loved one is experiencing memory issues or other cognitive impairments, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation and diagnosis. By addressing cognitive concerns early on, you can improve the quality of life for those living with dementia and their caregivers.
Robert Haynes, a psychology graduate from the University of Hertfordshire, has a keen interest in the fields of mental health, wellness, and lifestyle.
