Heart health is an essential component of overall well-being, playing a vital role in our day-to-day lives and long-term health. Being aware of the risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) can be the key to preventing serious complications, such as heart attacks and heart failure. CAD, the leading cause of death worldwide, affects millions of people, often with devastating consequences. The disease occurs when plaque, a combination of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, accumulates in the coronary arteries, resulting in their narrowing or blockage. This restricts blood flow to the heart, depriving it of the oxygen and nutrients necessary for proper functioning.

As our understanding of CAD has evolved, it has become increasingly clear that knowledge is power when it comes to safeguarding our heart health. Recognising the risk factors and taking appropriate preventive measures can significantly reduce the chances of developing CAD and its related complications. By staying informed and actively managing these risks, we can empower ourselves to make the best decisions for our heart health and overall well-being.

Unmodifiable risk factors

Certain risk factors for CAD cannot be changed. However, being aware of them allows for early detection and management, reducing the impact of the disease.

• Age. As we age, our risk for CAD increases. Men over 45 and women over 55 are at a higher risk for the development of the disease.
• Gender. Men are generally more susceptible to CAD than women, although the risk for women increases after menopause.
• Family history. A family history of heart disease increases your likelihood of developing CAD, especially if a close relative experienced it before the age of 55 for men and 65 for women.
• Genetics. Certain genetic traits, such as those linked to high blood pressure or high cholesterol, can predispose individuals to CAD.

Modifiable risk factors

Understanding and managing modifiable risk factors can significantly reduce the chances of developing CAD.

• Smoking. Cigarette smoking is a major contributor to CAD, as it damages blood vessels, increases blood pressure, and reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Quitting smoking can significantly lower your risk for CAD.
• High blood pressure (hypertension). Hypertension strains the heart and damages blood vessels, increasing the risk of CAD. Regular blood pressure checks and proper management can help mitigate this risk.
• High cholesterol. Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries. A healthy diet, regular exercise, and, in some cases, medication can help keep cholesterol levels in check.
• Obesity. Excess weight, especially around the abdomen, increases the risk of CAD by raising blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and inflammation. Losing weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise can lower this risk.
• Physical inactivity. Regular exercise strengthens the heart, lowers blood pressure, and helps maintain a healthy weight. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week.
• Diabetes. High blood sugar can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of CAD. Managing blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medication can reduce this risk.
• Poor diet. A diet high in saturated and trans fats, sodium, and added sugars can increase cholesterol levels and blood pressure. Embrace a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
• Excessive alcohol consumption. Drinking alcohol in moderation (up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men) can have some heart health benefits. But excessive alcohol consumption can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of CAD.

Stress and mental health

Stress and poor mental health can have a significant impact on heart health, often exacerbating existing risk factors or contributing to the development of new ones. Chronic stress, in particular, can raise blood pressure and trigger a cascade of physiological responses that negatively affect the cardiovascular system. Moreover, stress can lead to unhealthy behaviours such as smoking, overeating, or alcohol abuse, all of which are known risk factors for CAD.

Prioritising mental health is not only essential for our psychological well-being but also for maintaining a healthy heart. Integrating self-care practices into our daily routines can help us manage stress more effectively and reduce the risk of developing CAD. Some examples of self-care include engaging in regular physical activity, practising mindfulness meditation, and ensuring we get adequate sleep. These activities promote relaxation and help counteract the harmful effects of chronic stress on the heart.

Takeaway

Coronary artery disease is a silent killer, but understanding and managing its risk factors can significantly reduce your chances of developing it. Prioritise heart health by making lifestyle changes such as adopting a healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and maintaining a healthy weight. Additionally, stay vigilant about your mental health and manage stress effectively.

By being proactive about your heart health and addressing modifiable risk factors, you can greatly improve your quality of life and reduce the likelihood of CAD. Remember to consult with your healthcare provider for personalised advice and guidance on maintaining optimal heart health.

Adam Mulligan, a psychology graduate from the University of Hertfordshire, has a keen interest in the fields of mental health, wellness, and lifestyle.