The term “general adaptation syndrome” (GAS) may seem intimidating at first, but it is essential to grasp its significance when trying to comprehend how our bodies respond to stress.

What is general adaptation syndrome?

General adaptation syndrome was first introduced by Hungarian-Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye in 1936. Selye’s research aimed to unravel the body’s response to stress and the physiological changes that occur as a result. He discovered that our bodies go through a predictable, three-phase process when dealing with stress, regardless of the stressor’s source. These three phases are the alarm reaction, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase.

Feature 1: alarm reaction phase

The alarm reaction phase is the body’s initial response to stress. This phase is characterised by the release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which prepare the body for a fight-or-flight response. The fight or flight response is an evolutionary mechanism that enables us to confront or avoid potential threats in our environment.

During this phase, you may experience an increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and heightened senses. This heightened state of arousal allows the body to mobilise resources to deal with the stressor effectively. The alarm reaction phase is an essential component of GAS, as it lays the foundation for our body’s immediate response to stress.

Feature 2: resistance phase

Once the initial shock of the stressor subsides, the body enters the resistance phase. This phase involves the body’s attempt to adapt to the stressor and restore homeostasis – the state of equilibrium. During the resistance phase, the body continues to produce stress hormones, albeit at a lower level than the alarm reaction phase, to maintain a heightened state of alertness.

During this phase, the body focuses on repairing any damage caused by the stressor and replenishing energy stores. You may notice that your heart rate and blood pressure begin to normalise during this time. The resistance phase can last anywhere from a few hours to several days, depending on the severity and duration of the stressor.

Feature 3: exhaustion phase

The exhaustion phase, the final stage of GAS, occurs when the body can no longer maintain resistance to the stressor. At this point, the body’s resources are depleted, and the individual becomes vulnerable to physical and emotional health issues. The exhaustion phase is characterised by a decrease in stress hormone levels, which can result in symptoms like fatigue, decreased immune function, and mood disturbances.

If the stressor persists or if the individual experiences chronic stress, the exhaustion phase can lead to burnout, anxiety, and even depression. It is crucial to recognise and address the signs of exhaustion to prevent long-term damage to one’s physical and emotional well-being.

The importance of managing stress

Understanding the features of General Adaptation Syndrome helps us appreciate the vital role stress management plays in our overall health. While stress is a natural part of life, it is essential to develop coping mechanisms and strategies to mitigate its impact on our well-being. Some effective stress management techniques include:

• Regular exercise. Physical activity can help reduce stress hormone levels and release endorphins, which are natural mood elevators.
• Adequate sleep. Ensuring that you get enough rest each night can help your body recover from the effects of stress.
• Mindfulness practices. Engaging in mindfulness practices like meditation or yoga can help you become more aware of your stress levels and promote relaxation.
• Time management. Prioritising tasks and allocating time effectively can help reduce the stress associated with feeling overwhelmed or overburdened.
• Social support. Building a strong support network and spending time with friends and family can provide emotional support and a sense of belonging, which can help alleviate stress.
• Proper nutrition. Eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants can provide your body with the necessary nutrients to cope with stress and maintain optimal health.
• Professional help. If you find that your stress levels are unmanageable or affecting your daily life, it may be helpful to seek the guidance of a mental health professional.

Takeaway

General adaptation syndrome is a critical concept that helps us understand our body’s response to stress and the importance of managing stress levels to maintain overall well-being.

By recognising the three distinct phases of GAS (alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion), we can better identify when our bodies are under stress and take appropriate action to prevent chronic stress-related health issues. Implementing effective stress management techniques and seeking professional help when necessary can go a long way in promoting a healthy, balanced lifestyle.

Ellen Diamond, a psychology graduate from the University of Hertfordshire, has a keen interest in the fields of mental health, wellness, and lifestyle.