A recent systematic review and meta-analysis has revealed a significant, albeit weak, correlation between Machiavellianism and certain forms of intimate partner violence (IPV). According to the study’s authors from the Australian Catholic University, those who exhibit Machiavellian traits are more likely to resort to psychological and online abuse in intimate relationships than to use physical force. The findings were published in the journal Trauma, Violence, & Abuse.
Machiavellianism, a personality trait characterised by manipulation, coldness, and a disregard for morality, is a member of the so-called “dark triad”, which also includes narcissism and psychopathy. Previous research has established links between these traits and antisocial behaviours, but this study is one of the first to specifically examine the relationship between Machiavellianism and IPV.
Megan L. Willis, PhD, an associate professor of psychology at the Australian Catholic University, said: “Intimate partner violence is a significant public health issue, with global estimates suggesting it affects about 2 in 5 women and 1 in 5 men over their lifetime.”
The researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis of 19 studies, encompassing data from nearly 9,500 participants across several countries, including the United Kingdom, Japan, and Australia. Their findings indicate a significant, weak, positive correlation between Machiavellianism and IPV perpetration overall. However, when broken down by type, the link between Machiavellianism and physical violence was not statistically significant. In contrast, the correlation was stronger for non-physical forms of IPV, such as psychological abuse and cyberstalking.
“We found that Machiavellianism was more strongly associated with psychological and cyber abuse in relationships than with physical violence,” Willis noted. “These non-physical forms of abuse can have serious adverse effects on victims’ mental health. Recognising these traits and potential red flags early on is crucial for anyone entering a new relationship.”
Cyber IPV, which includes behaviours such as using digital means to harass or control a partner, was particularly associated with Machiavellian traits. The study found that individuals high in Machiavellianism were more likely to engage in cyber IPV, with a correlation coefficient of 0.25, suggesting a moderate relationship. Psychological IPV, including emotional manipulation and threats, also showed a significant correlation with Machiavellianism, though to a lesser degree.
The researchers contend that the characteristics of Machiavellianism – characterised by calculated manipulation and a focus on achieving personal goals with little exposure – may explain the preference for non-physical forms of violence. Physical violence, being more overt and risky, may not align with Machiavellian’s desire to maintain control while avoiding detection. Instead, these individuals might prefer methods that allow them to exert power and control in a more covert manner, which aligns with their manipulative tendencies.
Willis suggested potential pathways for intervention: “For individuals with Machiavellian tendencies who wish to change, interventions focused on increasing agreeableness may be effective.”
Interestingly, the study did not find significant gender differences in the strength of the relationship between Machiavellianism and IPV. While the association was slightly stronger for women than for men, the difference was not statistically significant. This finding challenges some traditional assumptions about gender roles in IPV and suggests that Machiavellian traits may drive abusive behaviour in both men and women.
Looking ahead, Willis revealed that her research team is “currently exploring how dark personality traits, such as Machiavellianism and narcissism, may be linked to intimate partner violence through low self-control and substance abuse. We hope that by better understanding the risk factors for intimate partner violence, we can find more effective ways to reduce violence in relationships.”
