Imagine the body’s cells are well-behaved students in the classroom. The “teachers” are tumour suppressor genes, and they make sure cells follow the rules. But when tumour suppressor genes are away, cells may go astray. With cells, this is a serious matter. Unregulated behaviour can lead to uncontrolled growth and, ultimately, the development of cancer.
In an invited review article in Cancer Discovery (a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research), Kathleen Mulvaney, who is an assistant professor with the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, talks about the potential of a new drug called MRTX1719 that has shown early promise in clinical trials for solid tumours by killing cancer cells that lack specific tumour suppressor genes.
“This is an updated version of an important new class of drugs targeting the PRMT5 enzyme, which is the target protein we study in my lab,” said Mulvaney, a Virginia Tech cancer researcher who is not affiliated with Mirati Therapeutics Inc., the biotechnology company that published the clinical results in Cancer Discovery.
Mulvaney accepted the invitation to write the commentary because of her enthusiasm for the new class of drug and its potential to help the 10%–15% of human cancer patients who could benefit from these drugs based on their genetic deletion status.
The MRTX1719 drug targets cancers with a genetic vulnerability, the absence of tumour suppressor gene CDKN2A and its neighbour gene, MTAP. These missing genes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, but the drug exploits this weakness to fight the cancer.
“This drug is an improvement because it binds to a specific part of the PRMT5 protein in a manner unique to cancer cells with the CDKN2A/MTAP gene deletion,” said Mulvaney, who is also an assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology in the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. “The data from early testing looks promising for using this drug either alone or in combination with others in the future.”
In the Phase 1 and Phase 2 stages of clinical testing, researchers reported positive results in patients with specific types of cancer with the MTAP gene missing, including melanoma, gallbladder cancer, mesothelioma, lung cancer, and a type of nerve cancer called MPNST (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour).
“What’s remarkable is that it took just a few years to go from discovering the genetic issue in these cancers in 2016 to having a hopeful drug in clinical trials by 2023,” Mulvaney said. “This shows how genetic research and smart drug development can create effective cancer treatments. Through genomic screens, we can identify cancer’s Achilles heels and develop small molecules to target them.”
Earlier versions of PRMT5 inhibitors that reached clinical trials from 2016 to 2019 struggled with issues of toxicity in patients before the drugs could reach a therapeutically helpful dose, Mulvaney said. She added that, with these improvements, it is important to draw the field’s attention to a new class of MTA-cooperative PRMT5 inhibitors, including the drug MRTX1719 and others, because they are demonstrating they can effectively help in killing tumours while leaving normal human cells unharmed.
