A new study of student well-being during the pandemic by the University of Warwick has identified worsened financial situations and sleep difficulties as key indicators of individuals at higher risk of developing mental health issues.
The findings will be valuable to higher education institutions in identifying students at higher risk of developing mental health issues and will help inform policies and interventions to prevent these issues.
The study is based on a survey of 895 university students, and 547 young adults who were not in higher education taken between July and September 2020, with 201 of those university students also followed up after six months.
The research was funded by the University of Warwick’s pro-vice-chancellor (Research) Covid research programme award and supported by the Warwick Health Global research priorities.
Their responses showed several consistent factors linked to high levels of poor mental health at the end of the first lockdown in the UK: age, previous mental health conditions, carer status, worse-off financial status and increased sleep irregularity and difficulty.
When they compared university students’ responses to non-students of a similar age, there were no significant differences between the two groups in mental health symptoms, except for a higher substance misuse risk found in non-students.
When recontacting a subset of students who responded between January–March 2021, the researchers found that increased financial difficulties and difficulty sleeping consistently predict poorer mental health.
They also found a reduction in mental health symptoms over time, with the percentage of students reporting symptoms of anxiety reduced from 72.1% to 59.3% over six months. For depression, it was reduced from 69.8% to 61.4%. The researchers suggest that this could be due to students adapting to some symptoms as the pandemic evolved, though some symptoms were more ingrained.
The study participants’ demographic profile is comparable to the student population in the UK, suggesting that the findings would be useful to universities across the country.
Intervention and prevention measures available for each group may be applied to both populations for greater generalisability.
Lead author Professor Nicole Tang, from the University’s Department of Psychology and Co-Lead of the University Health GRP Mental Health theme, said: ‘There is a wealth of information generated by this study that universities can utilise to inform policies, prevention and intervention strategies.’
‘There are markers of mental health issues that we cannot change, for example, age, a history of mental health conditions, and being a carer, we can use them to identify individuals at risk and provide enhanced support.’
‘Some indicators of future mental health issues are things we can act on, for example, a worsened financial situation, reduced physical activity and increased sleep difficulties. The university has established bursary programmes and infrastructure for promoting sports and activities.’
‘There are also proven-effective treatments for acute and chronic insomnia that can help students better regulate their sleep amid overwhelming stress and a loss of normal routine.’
‘What is also interesting is that the study shows mental health is a multidimensional concept and can be seen as a profile of different symptoms, which appear to respond to the pandemic experience differently.’
Dr Hannah Friend, director of Well-being and Safeguarding at the University of Warwick, said: ‘Research is a critical component of Warwick’s Well-being Strategy. This study reinforces the importance of utilising our research expertise to better inform what we do, and specifically to further define our priorities and objectives in prevention and early intervention. I’m delighted that we are successfully joining up research and practice in a whole organisation approach to well-being.’
Dr Elaine Lockhart, chair of the Royal College of Psychiatrists Faculty of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, said: ‘While this research highlights the current pressures facing students’ well-being and mental health, it also highlights the need for continued support to mental health services in and outside university settings.’
‘However, those who develop more acute mental health problems must be able to access specialist services for diagnosis and evidence-based treatment. With life returning to some degree of normality, students still face the worry of the pandemic and its economic consequences.’
