In a world that’s increasingly competitive and knowledge-driven, effective learning is not just a skill but a necessity. Whether you’re a student, a professional, or someone who enjoys acquiring new knowledge, understanding how to learn efficiently can make a significant difference in your personal and professional life. But what does research say about the best ways to learn?

The spacing effect

One of the most well-researched phenomena in the psychology of learning is the spacing effect. This principle suggests that information is better retained when study sessions are spaced out over time rather than crammed into a single intense period. A 2008 study found that students who used spaced repetition performed better in long-term retention tests compared to those who crammed.

The takeaway here is simple: consistency trumps intensity. Instead of cramming all your study material into a single session, it’s more beneficial to distribute your learning over multiple days or weeks. This approach not only helps in better retention but also reduces the stress associated with last-minute cramming.

Interleaved learning

Another effective strategy is interleaved learning, which involves mixing different topics or subjects to improve overall learning. Traditional learning often employs a “blocking” method where you focus on one topic at a time. However, a 2007 research suggests that interleaving can lead to better long-term retention and application of knowledge.

Interleaved learning can be particularly useful for subjects that involve problem-solving or require the application of multiple concepts. By mixing up topics, you’re constantly challenging your brain, which leads to better retention and understanding of the material.

The power of retrieval practice

Retrieval practice, or the act of recalling information from memory, is another potent tool in effective learning. Instead of simply rereading the text, actively engaging with the material by testing yourself can significantly improve retention. A 2008 study found that students who engaged in retrieval practice retained 50% more information a week later compared to those who didn’t.

The principle behind this is that the act of recalling information strengthens the memory and retrieval pathways, making it easier to access the information later. So, the next time you’re studying, don’t just passively read through your notes. Test yourself by answering questions or explaining the topic to someone else.

Mindfulness and learning

While the above strategies focus on the cognitive aspects of learning, it’s also crucial to consider the emotional and psychological factors. Mindfulness, or the practice of being fully present and engaged in the moment, can significantly improve focus and retention. Although research in this area is still emerging, preliminary studies suggest that mindfulness can reduce anxiety and improve cognitive function, thereby aiding in effective learning.

Crafting your personal learning strategy

Effective learning is not a one-size-fits-all approach. It’s essential to experiment with different strategies and find what works best for you. Whether it’s spaced repetition, interleaved learning, retrieval practice, or mindfulness, the key is to be consistent and mindful in your learning endeavours.

Remember, the goal is not just to cram information but to understand and retain it. By incorporating these evidence-based strategies into your routine, you’re not just learning; you’re crafting a sustainable and effective learning routine.

Alexia Spark, PhD is an educational psychologist and author, is dedicated to helping students of all ages learn and succeed.