2020 has been a strange year all round. An unknown virus, probably in a bat colony in central China mutated to allow it to infect humans too. Within three months of the virus being identified as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), 90% of the world had shut down.
Developed countries’ healthcare systems were stretched to the point of collapse, old people were left to die in several ‘civilised countries’; world travel was stopped; many countries borrowed or printed money several times their GDP and political leaders fell into two camps. One set of world leaders went into political denial: pandemics will not affect our modern country we can carry on as if nothing has changed; or went into meltdown and closed down their countries with severe long-term financial consequences. Neither reaction has protected their countries health nor their countries wealth. It is just a matter of degree whether health or wealth has been damaged the most and maybe over time, it may turn out that there is little difference.
Whatever the political reaction to the virus infecting their countries population the majority of leaders appeared to believe that medical science was going to miraculously save them from a problem over which they had neither control nor knowledge. The key mantra was: ‘Our scientists will soon produce a vaccine which will save our population and our political skins,’
Meanwhile, the virus, oblivious to the turmoil, marched on. Countries that had hoped to carry on regardless soon found that they had a mounting death toll that they were being blamed for by not locking down sooner. While countries that had rapidly locked down soon realised that they had no way of maintaining lockdown either physically or financially until the vaccine became available. Moving out of lockdown proved a lot more difficult than imposing it in the first case.
At the time of writing, there is a realisation that the virus, or rather the disease caused by the virus, COVID-19 is here to stay and we need to live with it.
Over the last four or five months, world scientists have collaborated to such an extent that whereas 6sixmonths ago no one had heard of SARS- CoV-2 or COVID-19; they now know its full genome and how it can infect the human body. They also know that unlike any other Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS- CoV-2 does not produce a pure respiratory illness. In fact, the majority of deaths attributed to COVID-19 are not respiratory but predominantly due to other organ failure and a major contributing factor is the increased tendency to form blood clots which lead to heart failure, strokes, kidney failure and when formed in the lung respiratory failure. In short COVID-19 patients suffer from multi-organ failure.
Medical teams treating COVID-19 patients have faced a dilemma; from early on it has been known that the majority of patients who contract COVID-19 infections do not develop a severe illness. However, the minority who do are strongly linked with other factors that increase the risk of ill health, being older, having heart or respiratory problems, having diabetes or being obese. But knowing these risk factors does not indicate whether an individual patient will go on to develop severe symptoms, so medics around the world do not know which patients to monitor or treat until it is too late and the patient already has a severe condition which is extremely difficult to treat and even if successfully treated may leave the patient with long-lasting health issues requiring long term support.
Now, what would the medics around the world say if there was a cheap simple blood test that could divide these patients into the two groups: those that need treatment and those that don’t?
This is where clinical viscosity measurements come in. Clinical viscosity measurements have been reported in the literature for over 100 years and easy to use analysers have been available for 50 years. Full clinical viscosity analysis requires three distinct analysis:
- Whole blood viscosity measures a sample of blood containing all the fluid and cellular constituents. The main factor affecting whole blood viscosity is the red cells, both their over volume, usually taken as the haematocrit, and their ability to change shape.
- Plasma viscosity measures the viscosity of blood fluid with all the cellular components removed. The key factors affecting plasma viscosity are the fibrinogen concentration and antibody levels. More of which later.
- Serum viscosity measures blood fluid after the blood has clotted and therefore does not contain several of the factors required in blood clotting, of which fibrinogen is one. Therefore the main factor to affect serum viscosity is antibody concentration.
In current practice, whole blood viscosity measurements are time-consuming and difficult to perform as the analysis requires measurements at varying shear rates on the same sample. Fortunately, in COVID-19 patients valuable information is obtained from just plasma and serum viscosity analysis.
There are now several reports that severe COVID-19 patients have raised blood viscosity levels. More specifically they have raised plasma and serum viscosity levels. A paper published from Emory University Georgia Atlanta in The Lancet on 25th May, led by Cheryl Maier demonstrated a dramatic rise in severe COVID-19 patients of more than double the normal value. The same paper also linked this rise in viscosity to patients with severe clotting risks.
An understanding of what is being measured in plasma viscosity makes this link an obvious one. As mentioned earlier in this article plasma viscosity is mainly affected by fibrinogen and antibody concentrations in the patient. Fibrinogen is the compound that is the precursor to the fibrin strands that form a blood clot. In normal human blood, it is found at a concentration of 1.5 to 4.0 gms/l. In Dr Maiers COVID-19 patients she found they had fibrinogen levels of up to 5 times the normal value. It could, therefore, be inferred that patients with a high or rising plasma viscosity are the patients that are going to have or develop severe multi-organ failure. Unfortunately as with most aspects of COVID-19 infection things are not that simple.
As stated previously plasma viscosity values are affected by both fibrinogen and antibody levels. So a raised plasma viscosity cannot be attributed to fibrinogen concentrations without further testing, such as performing fibrinogen levels. Although this is possible, fibrinogen analysis requires further blood samples to be taken and is a relatively expensive test. This is where the serum viscosity comes in.
Serum viscosity is not affected by fibrinogen levels but is affected by antibody levels. Therefore if plasma and a serum viscosity analysis is performed on blood from a COVID-19 patient drawn at the same time, it is possible to extrapolate meaningful clinical data by comparing the two results.
Logically patients can have:
- Both results normal
- Both results raised
- A raised plasma viscosity with a normal serum viscosity
- A raised serum viscosity with a normal plasma viscosity
It is unusual to have reduced values of either plasma or serum viscosity. If both results are normal and the patient definitely has COVID-19 they will probably be asymptomatic. If both results are raised patients will have raised antibody concentrations and possibly raised fibrinogen levels. These patients will need further investigation as the increase in antibody levels could be due to the patient recovering or going into the cytokine storm.
A raised plasma viscosity with normal serum viscosity indicates raised fibrinogen with no antibody response. These patients are probably deteriorating and will probably require intensive therapy
A raised serum viscosity with normal plasma viscosity values indicates increased antibody production only and may indicate a recovering patient. These patients should have an antibody test for COVID-19 specific antibodies.
A simple cheap test that has been available theoretically for a hundred years and practically for 50 years; but has been underutilised by the medical profession could well be the way of leading the world out of the dilemma posed by SARS-CoV-2. At least until that elusive vaccine is available.
Steve Walton works for Benson Viscometer.
