Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by an enduring pattern of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. It can significantly disrupt daily functioning and hamper overall development.

This disorder manifests in various ways and can persist from childhood into adulthood. ADHD can affect various aspects of life, including academics, work, relationships, and self-esteem. Treatment for ADHD typically involves a combination of behavioral interventions, psychoeducation, and, in many cases, medication. The major goal is to manage symptoms, improve functioning, and enhance quality of life.

Here we observe the most effective ADHD medication for adults, their types, and how they can help to cope with the consequences of this disorder.

Stimulants

Stimulant medications are typically considered the initial treatment approach for ADHD. They elevate the levels of certain chemicals in the brain that help with focus and impulse control. Here are some best ADHD stimulant medications for adults:

• Methylphenidate. This is a widely prescribed stimulant available in various forms, such as immediate-release (Ritalin) and extended-release (Concerta, Metadate) formulations. Other options include Focalin (dexmethylphenidate), which is a more concentrated form of methylphenidate, and Quillivant XR, which is an extended-release liquid formulation.
• Amphetamine-based medications. These medications also enhance the levels of specific brain chemicals. Commonly prescribed options include Adderall, Vyvanse, Dexedrine, and Mydayis. Amphetamine-based medications have shown to be highly effective in reducing ADHD symptoms, including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. They can help individuals improve their ability to concentrate, manage tasks, and engage in daily activities.

Stimulant medications primarily impact the levels of catecholamines, including dopamine, noradrenaline, and epinephrine, in the brain. This mechanism leads to heightened alertness, improved focus, increased energy, and an overall sense of well-being. Dopamine, in particular, plays a crucial role in motivation, pleasure, concentration, and physical activity. 

These medications are generally effective for many people with ADHD, but they can have side effects like decreased appetite, insomnia, or increased heart rate.

You should turn to mental health professionals if you consider getting prescribed Adderall, Concerta, Ritalin, or any other stimulant ADHD medication for adults.

Non-stimulants

Some individuals may not tolerate stimulant medications well or prefer non-stimulant options. These medications work differently from stimulants but can still help manage symptoms. Here are some commonly prescribed non-stimulant medications for ADHD:

• Atomoxetine (Strattera) is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that increases the levels of norepinephrine in the brain. It is considered one of the best medications for ADHD in adults and children.
• Guanfacine (Intuitiv) is an alpha-2A adrenergic agonist that acts to improve attention and impulse control. It is approved for use in both children and adults with ADHD.
• Clonidine (Kapvay) is another alpha-2A adrenergic agonist that can be prescribed off-label for ADHD treatment in adults. It is primarily used to manage high blood pressure but has been found to have some benefits in reducing ADHD symptoms as well.
• Bupropion (Wellbutrin SR) is an atypical antidepressant that increases the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, improving ADHD symptoms. It is used as an off-label, second or third-line medication for adult ADHD treatment. 

It’s important to note that non-stimulant medications may not be as effective for all individuals with ADHD compared to stimulant medications. However, they can be suitable options for those who cannot tolerate or have contraindications to stimulants. 

Side effects of ADHD medications

Stimulants are Schedule II controlled drugs meaning they have a high potential for abuse and dependence. Other potential side effects of stimulant medication include:

• Decreased appetite and weight loss
• Insomnia
• Hypertension
• Headaches
• Anxiety
• Psychosis
• Seizures
• Cardiovascular problems

Compared to stimulants, non-stimulant medications are a safer option, and there is minimal risk of abuse associated with their use. Common side effects of non-stimulants are:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Dry mouth
• Stomach problems
• Dizziness
• Fatigue
• Low blood pressure
• Heart problems

Bottom line

Finding the right medication often involves a trial-and-error process. While stimulant medications are commonly prescribed and effective for many individuals, non-stimulant options can be considered for those who experience intolerance to stimulants. The choice of medication should be discussed with a healthcare professional who can assess the benefits, potential side effects, and individual responses to different options.

It’s important to note that medication is often just one part of a comprehensive treatment plan for ADHD. Behavioural interventions and lifestyle modifications also play significant roles in managing symptoms and improving daily functioning. Regular communication with healthcare professionals, medication adjustments as needed, and ongoing evaluation are essential for ensuring the most effective and personalised treatment approach.

Ellen Diamond , a psychology graduate from the University of Hertfordshire, has a keen interest in the fields of mental health, wellness, and lifestyle.