To professor Alexander Dyck, corporate fraud is like an iceberg: a small number is visible, but much more lurks below the surface.
How much more, he wondered? And, at what cost to investors?
Professor Dyck and his team found that under typical surveillance, about 3% of US companies are found doing something funny with their books in any given year. They determined that number by looking at financial misrepresentations exposed by auditors, enforcement releases by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), financial restatements, and full legal prosecutions by the SEC against insider trading, all between 1997 and 2005. The findings were published in the journal Review of Accounting Studies.
However, the freefall and unexpected collapse of auditing firm Arthur Andersen, starting in 2001, due to its involvement in the Enron accounting scandal, gave Professor Dyck, from the University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management, and other researchers the chance to see how much fraud was detected during a period of heightened scrutiny. It represented a “huge opportunity” that rarely comes along, said Professor Dyck, putting 20% of all US publicly traded companies – the slice that had been working with Andersen and was forced to find new auditors – under a higher-powered microscope due to their previous association with the disgraced accounting firm.
Those companies did not show a greater propensity to fraud compared to other companies in the 1998 to 2000 period. But that changed once the spotlight was turned on beginning 30th November 2001 – the date when Andersen client Enron began filing for bankruptcy – until the end of 2003, the period the researchers looked at. The new auditors, as well as regulators, investors and news media, were all looking much more closely at the ex-Andersen companies.
“What we found was that there were three times as much detected fraud in the companies that were subjected to this special treatment, as a former Andersen firm, compared to those that weren’t,” said Professor Dyck, who holds the Manulife Financial Chair in Financial Services and is the Director of the Capital Markets Institute at the Rotman School.
The researchers used the finding to infer that the real number of companies involved in fraud is at least 10%. That squares with previous research that has pegged the true incidence of corporate fraud between 10%–18%. While the researchers were looking at US companies, Professor Dyck speculated that the ratio of undetected-to-detected fraud is not significantly different in Canada.
Given those numbers, the researchers estimated that fraud destroys about 1.6% of a company’s equity value, mostly due to diminished reputation among those in the know, representing about $830 billion in current US dollars.
The figures also help to quantify the value of regulatory intervention, such as through the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or SOX, introduced in 2002 in response to Enron and other financial scandals. It’s not hard to come up with the compliance costs of SOX. What their study shows is that the legislation would satisfy a cost-benefit analysis, even if it only reduced corporate fraud by 10% of its current level.
The results should capture the attention of anyone with responsibility for corporate oversight and research, Professor Dyck said: “I spend a lot of time running a program for directors of public corporations and I tout this evidence when I say, ‘Do I think you guys should be spending time worrying about these things? Yes. The problem is bigger than you might think.’”
